Neste artigo, pretendo apresentar uma introdução à gênese da repressão em Freud a partir da chamada Segunda Tópica (escritos posteriores a 1920), com intuito único de procurar naquele contexto seu diagnóstico te tempo. Isto é, identificar as tendências apresentadas pelo autor frente aos problemas que a repressão, tanto individual quanto social, suscitava naquele momento após a Guerra. Este exercício nos dá uma dimensão para suas apropriações posteriores, como pela Teoria Crítica, por exemplo. Embora, não seja o caso que entrar nas (...) discussões que se seguiram. Trata-se somente remontar a dinâmica do conceito a fim de fornecer material para estudos posteriores nesse sentido. (shrink)

Este artigo é um estudo inicial sobre o modelo de teoria crítica desenvolvido por Max Horkheimer na década de 30 no artigo Teoria Tradicional e Teoria Critica. Este modelo é de suma importância, tanto para aqueles que fundaram a chamada escola de Frankfurt, Adorno, Marcuse, Benjamim, Pollock, etc., quanto para os nomes mais atuais que ainda se ocupam por pensar a teoria critica na sociedade contemporânea. Como metodologia, concentraremos no artigo do autor, de modo a seguir sua argumentação tendo como (...) horizonte a distinção entre teoria critica e teoria tradicional, destacando a importância da história para a teoria e a necessidade da elaboração de um diagnóstico do tempo presente. Além disso, mostraremos que a teoria critica se define, sobretudo, pela orientação para a emancipação e pelo comportamento crítico. De certo modo, salientamos a dificuldade desta tarefa, já que nas próprias palavras de Horkheimer não é algo tão claro. (shrink)

The paper defends a version of the view that agency is a causal power, the “causing view.” After sketching the view, and explaining how it differs from its rivals, various challenges are assessed. A family of objections says that causing change is neither necessary nor sufficient for acting. The second challenge centers on an Aristotelian thesis about the relation between an action (A's opening a window) and the corresponding passion (the window's being opened by A). The final objection concerns the (...) dynamic nature of acting: the claim is that a causal view of agency cannot accommodate actions “in progress” or mere activity. I conclude that none of the objections examined presents unsurmountable problems for the causal view of agency which, at least in the version here defended, remains a highly plausible and attractive view. (shrink)

En el Santiago del siglo XVIII, los ajustes urbanísticos y sociales emanados de las autoridades se tradujeron en prácticas y representaciones, institucionales y de las otras, que involucraron a todos los habitantes de la ciudad. La actuación decidida de algunos alcaldes, como los de Aguas y los de Barrio, implicó el acomodo de voluntades e intereses, y también el enfrentamiento violento de cuerpos y de subjetividades, los que han quedado registrados en los pleitos por injuria seguidos en tribunales de primera (...) y de última instancia. El análisis comparado de dos casos puntuales, con el auxilio de preguntas y miradas propias de las ciencias sociales, enriquece el conocimiento de la dinámica vida cotidiana en la capital del reino durante el último siglo colonial. (shrink)

In this article the authors discuss psychological counselling as it emerges as a gendered profession in the transitional economy of Russia. Based on qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 23 female and three male practising counsellors, the article analyses their perceptions of their profession, focusing in particular on two key issues: their reasons for entry into the profession; and their expectations of their work as a profession. The authors argue that both female and male counsellors’ perceptions of their entry into this profession (...) revealed highly gendered stances, and furthermore, that these were strongly imbricated in the legacies of Soviet employment policies and gender ideology. (shrink)

Richard Kearney’s new book, Touch: Recovering Our Most Vital Sense, has come as a way of illustrating the paradoxes of our times, most deeply felt as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Have a look...

El presente artículo contiene una aproximación historiográfica al desarrollo de la Ilustración en Alemania, considerando las características específicas de la misma frente a Inglaterra o Francia, así como sus etapas. Se expone asimismo la tipología de sus ideas principales elaborada por Norbert Hinske y se hace balance acerca de su posible vigencia e interés para la actualidad, con atención especial a la idea de una razón humana universal y de la destinación del ser humano.

Ante el tema constituye necesidad de fuerza mayor apuntar los últimos avances y progresos en el debate liberalismo-comunitarismo.1 El presente artículo pretende llamar la atención sobre la riqueza e interés del mismo, rernitiendo a la bibliografia más reciente. La aparición en los dos últimos anos de obras como las de Rawls, Dworkin y Habermas,4 que prestan una indudable atención a las críticas y propuestas comunitaristas precisan de un proceso de asimilación y de reflexión serena.

In der gegenwartigen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema Tierschutz fehlt es an uberzeugenden Begrundungen; ungenugende Argumente fuhren zu uneinlosbaren Forderungen und schaden der Sache mehr als sie ihr nutzen. VOn entscheidender Bedeutung ist dabei die Frage, welches Verstandnis wir vom Tier haben. DIe philosophische Herausforderung einer Tierschutzethik beginnt mit der Einsicht, daSS das Tier weder als Sache noch als Person begriffen werden kann. DIe vorgelegte Tierschutzethik diskutiert das Thema auf philosophischem Niveau, bedenkt den Umgang des Menschen mit dem Tier in seiner (...) Vielschichtigkeit und leistet eine fundierte Begrundung der notigen Beschrankungen menschlicher Willkur zugunsten des Tieres. (shrink)

This essay was born out of two astonishments: an admiration and a perplexity. On the one hand, this essay was born out of our admiration for the text of the question De aeternitate mundi, written by St. Thomas Aquinas in the full maturity of his thought (1271). It is a philosophically exemplary text, in terms of construction and discernment, in which the author argues that there is no contradiction between the theology of creation and the possibility of an eternal world, (...) in accordance with Aristotelian physics. On the other hand, we were also motivated by our perplexity with the difficulty that even today the Christian faith in creation experiences in dealing with the Darwinian theory of evolution. It occurred to us, then, to elaborate a question of evolution, entirely analogous, in construction and in discernment, to the question of the eternity of the world, as it had been thought of by St. Thomas Aquinas. Thus, we also argue here that there is no contradiction between the theology of creation and the possibility of a world in evolution, according to Darwin’s biological theory. And we do this by following the structure of the Thomasian question step by step. (shrink)

The aim of this chapter is to explore the relationship between metaphor and reasoning, by claiming that argumentation might act as a bridge between metaphor and reasoning. Firstly, the chapter introduces metaphor as a framing strategy through which some relevant properties of a source domain are selected to understand a target domain. The mapping of properties from the source to the target domain implicitly forces the interpreter to consider the target from a specific perspective. Secondly, the chapter presents metaphor as (...) an implicit argument where some inferences can be drawn from the comparison between the source and the target domain. In particular, this chapter aims to understand whether and to what extent such an argument might be linked to analogical reasoning. The chapter argues that, in case of faulty analogy, this kind of argument might have the form of a quaternio terminorum, where metaphor is the middle term. Finally, the chapter presents the results of an experimental study, aiming to test the effect of the linguistic nature of the middle term on the detection of such faulty analogy. The chapter concludes that a wider context is needed to make sense of an analogical argument with novel metaphors, whilst in a narrow context, a lexicalised metaphor might be extended and the overall argument might be interpreted as metaphoric. (shrink)

La Declaración de 1948 recuperó ideas filosófico-políticas básicas y fundamentales que habían sido ignoradas en la historia política real, o negadas iusfilosóficamente en la academia con el auge del utilitarismo moral y positivismo jurídico. El primer considerando del preámbulo de la Declaración de 1948 afirma enfáticamente, por ejemplo: que la libertad ha de ser universalizada a “todos” y es inalienable, que la “igualdad” bien entendida dimana de la libertad bien entendida, y que la humanidad no está dividida en razas, etnias, (...) géneros, clases o culturas, sino que forma un todo indivisible al que llama “la familia humana”. Y ya en el Artículo 1) de esa misma Declaración se incorpora la “fraternidad”, no como un adorno retórico o como un encomiable sentimiento social o –menos— como una consigna culturalmente particularista o arbitraria, sino como un deber exigible de manera universal: “Todos los seres humanos deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros”. Así pues, reflexionar políticamente hoy sobre la fraternidad va de la mano de una reflexión sobre el significado profundo de los derechos humanos fundamentales. (shrink)

Tras siglo y medio de eclipse (1795-1945), los derechos humanos reaparecieron después del fin de la II Guerra Mundial. No solo en la Constitución de la IV República francesa y en el Preámbulo de la Constitución de la II República alemana; fueron objeto nada menos que de una solemne declaración internacional en 1948 por parte de la Asamblea de las Naciones Unidas. Dos cuestiones filosóficas interesan en esta intervención: 1. Qué la idea filosófica del derecho, si es que hay alguna (...) homogénea que los una, tienen los partidarios de los derechos humanos y ciudadanos. Y a la inversa, qué idea del derecho, si hay alguna que también los integre, tienen los enemigos filosóficos de los derechos humanos. 2. Si, según parece, los defensores filosóficos de los derechos humanos son siempre inequívocos partidarios del universalismo ético, se plantea de manera natural la interesante pregunta filosófica por el origen históricamente particular de un ideario o de un programa intelectual que se pretende universal, es decir, que pretende trascender normativamente los concretos contextos históricos que lo engendraron. [Fragmento]. (shrink)

First the rationalist tradition and then the cognitive revolution put limits on the philosophy and social sciences with regard to the analysis of emotion, of irrationality in mental events and actions, to the reduction of our representations to conceptual elements, and so on. This fact caused an increasing interest in these topics. In this paper, we intend to claim the significant relations among these three issues: emotion, selfdeception and non-conceptual content, with two aims: i) to analyse the relation between non-conceptual (...) content of emotion and the phenomenon of self-deception; and ii) to explain how self-deception canbe overcome by the conceptualization of some non-conceptual elements of emotion. (shrink)

Negli anni di passaggio dal XII al XIII secolo, il cisterciense Garnerio di Rochefort si dedica alla composizione di un breve trattato, il _De contrarietatibus in Sacra Scriptura_. L’opera, tuttora inedita, fa ricorso all’uso delle arti sermocinali per risolvere le ambiguità scritturali. Nel prologo del _De contrarietatibus_ emerge un peculiare interesse del cisterciense verso la disciplina della retorica e, in particolare, verso l’impiego delle figure tropiche nella comprensione dei contenuti della Rivelazione. A ben vedere, tuttavia, la scelta garneriana di ricorrere (...) all’affinamento degli strumenti della retorica per illuminare il significato della Scrittura trova una piena giustificazione solo alla luce della sua concezione della _natura_ e della _Scriptura_ come teofanie e/o simboli. Ora in quest’orizzonte simbolico, di impianto neoplatonico-dionisiano, è sempre all’opera nelle _res_, così come nel linguaggio, un meccanismo di traslazione, un’estensione della parola, oltre il suo contenuto ordinario, a un significato altro, di natura spirituale. Dunque la fattura retorica delle espressioni bibliche assume un valore conoscitivo, e non semplicemente ornamentale, perché capace di palesare, attraverso un dialettico gioco di corrispondenze e/o di rotture, una proporzionalità analogica tra il visibile e l’invisibile. _In the intervening years between the XII and XIII centuries, Cistercian Garnerius of Rochefort devoted himself to the composition of a short treatise,_ De contrarietatibus in Sacra Scriptura._ The work, still unpublished, makes use of the sermocinal arts to resolve scriptural ambiguities. The prologue to _De contrarietatibus _reveals a peculiar interest of the Cistercian in the discipline of rhetoric and, in particular, in the use of tropes in understanding the contents of Revelation. On closer inspection, however, garnerian’s choice to resort to the refinement of the tools of rhetoric to illuminate the meaning of Scripture finds full justification only in light of his conception of_ natura _and_ Scriptura_ as theophanies and/or symbols. Now in this symbolic horizon, of Neo-Platonic-Dionysian framework, there is always at work in _res_, as well as in language, a mechanism of translation, an extension of the word, beyond its ordinary content, to another meaning of a spiritual nature. So the rhetorical workmanship of biblical expressions assumes a cognitive, and not merely ornamental, value because it is capable of manifesting, through a dialectical interplay of correspondences and/or ruptures, an analogical proportionality between the visible and the invisible. _. (shrink)